Enzymes:
Microorganisms that digest fats and oils and allow the surfactants to reach deeper into the textile.
Surfactants:
One of the most important components of laundry detergent. They work like an oil and vinegar salad dressing. They do not mix unless shaken vigorously in the bottle and they separate almost immediately afterward. This is what happens when washing textiles.
Surfactants "shake up" the soil which normally does not dissolve in water, making it dispersible and releasing it off the textile. The soil is then washed away with wash water.